Land clearance was underway even before the feasibility study was completed

Indigenous Papuans from Merauke in eastern Indonesia protest in Jakarta on Oct. 16, 2024 against plans to convert indigenous and conservation lands into sugar cane plantations and rice fields. (Pusaka Bentala Rakyat)

Indonesia’s plan to convert more than two million hectares of conservation and indigenous lands into agriculture will cause long-term damage to the environment, create conflict and add to greenhouse gas emissions, according to a feasibility study document for the Papua region mega-project.

The 96-page presentation reviewed by Radio Free Asia was drawn up by Sucofindo, the Indonesian government’s inspection and land surveying company. Dated July 4 this year, it analyzes the risks and benefits of the sugar cane and rice estate in Merauke regency on Indonesia’s border with Papua New Guinea and outlines a feasibility study that was to be completed by mid-August.

Though replete with warnings that “comprehensive” environmental impact assessments should take place before any land is cleared, the feasibility process appears to have been a box-ticking exercise. Sucofindo didn’t respond to questions about the document.

Even before the study was completed, President Joko Widodo took part in a ceremony in Merauke on July 23 that marked the first sugar cane planting on land cleared of forest for the food estate, the government said in a statement. Widodo’s decade-long presidency ended last month.

In late July, dozens of excavators shipped by boat were unloaded in the Ilyawab district of Merauke where they destroyed villages and cleared forests and wetlands for rice fields, according to a report by civil society organization Pusaka.

Security personnel watch from behind barbed wire as indigenous Papuans from Merauke in eastern Indonesia protest in Jakarta on Oct. 16, 2024 against plans to convert indigenous and conservation lands into sugar cane plantations and rice fields.

Hipolitus Wangge, an Indonesian politics researcher at Australian National University, told RFA the feasibility study document doesn’t provide new information about the agricultural plans. But it makes it clear, he said, that in government there is “no specific response on how the state deals with indigenous concerns” and their consequences.

The plan to convert as much as 2.296 million hectares (5.7 million acres) of forest, wetland and savannah into rice farms, sugarcane plantations and related infrastructure in the conflict-prone Papua region is part of the government’s ambitions to achieve food and energy self-sufficiency. Similar previous programs in the nation of 270 million people have fallen short of expectations.

Echoing government and military statements, Sucofindo said increasingly extreme climate change and the risk of international conflict are reasons why Indonesia should reduce reliance on food imports.

Taken together, the sugarcane and rice projects represent at least a fifth of a 10,000 square kilometer (38,600 square mile) lowland area known as the TransFly that spans Indonesia and Papua New Guinea and which conservationists say is an already under-threat conservation treasure.

Indonesia’s military has a leading role in the 1.0 million hectare rice plan while the government has courted investors for the sugar cane and related bioethanol projects.

According to Sucofindo’s analysis, the likelihood of conflict with indigenous Papuans or of significant and long-term environmental damage applies in about 80% of the area targeted for development.

The project’s “issues and challenges,” Sucofindo said, include “deforestation and biodiversity loss, destruction of flora and fauna habitats and loss of species.”

It warns of long-term land degradation and erosion as well as water pollution and reduced water availability during the dry season due to deforestation.

Sucofindo said indigenous communities in Merauke rely on forests for livelihoods and land conversion will threaten their cultural survival. It repeatedly warns of the risk of conflict, which it says could stem from evictions and relocation.

“Evictions have the potential to destabilize social and economic conditions,” Sucofindo said in its presentation.

If the entire area planned for development is cleared, it would add about 392 million tons of carbon to the atmosphere in net terms, according to Sucofindo.

That’s approximately equal to half of the additional carbon emitted by Indonesia’s fire catastrophe in 2015 when hundreds of thousands of hectares of peatlands drained for pulpwood and oil palm plantations burned for months.

This handout photo released by the Indonesian presidential office shows Joko Widodo, president of Indonesia until October this year, on July 23, 2024 at a sugar-cane planting ceremony in the Merauke regency of South Papua Province.

Indonesia’s contribution to emissions that raise the average global temperature is significantly worsened by a combination of peatland fires and deforestation. Carbon stored in its globally important tropical forests is released when they’re cut down for palm oil, pulpwood and other plantations.

In a speech on Monday to the annual U.N. climate conference, Indonesia’s climate envoy, a brother of recently inaugurated president Prabowo Subianto, said the new administration has a long-term goal to restore forests to 12.7 million hectares of land severely degraded by fires in 2015 and earlier massive burnings in the 1990s and 1980s.

Indonesia’s government has made the same promise in previous years including in its official progress report on its national contribution to achieving the Paris Agreement goal of keeping the rise in average global temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius.

“President Prabowo has approved in principle a program of massive reforestation to these 12.7 million hectares in a biodiverse manner,” said Hashim Djojohadikusumo in the livestreamed speech from Baku, Azerbaijan. “We will soon embark on this program.”

The government under Subianto has also announced plans to encourage outsiders to migrate to Merauke and other parts of Indonesia’s easternmost region, state media reported this month.

Critics say such large-scale movements of people would further marginalize indigenous Papuans in their own lands and exacerbate conflict that has simmered since Indonesia took control of the region in the late 1960s.

Edited by Mike Firn and Taejun Kang.

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Warning by Indonesian survey on Papua mega project appears to go unheeded