Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, during the AI safety summit, the first global summit on the safe use of artificial intelligence, at Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. Picture date: Thursday November 2, 2023. 74418895 (Press Association via AP Images)

In December, the New York Times fired an early shot in the battle over whether it is legal for artificial intelligence engines such as OpenAI’s ChatGPT to scrape content from the Web as fodder for their databases. The Timesmade clear that it believes the answer is no: the paper sued OpenAI and Microsoft, which has partnered with the company, claiming that their tools used millions of Times articles to train “automated chatbots that now compete with the news outlet as a source of reliable information,” and that, in doing so, they were trying to “free-ride” on the Times‘ investment in journalism. The lawsuit, which I wrote about for CJR back in January, claimed that OpenAI and Microsoft were responsible for “billions of dollars” in damages, and that they should be forced to destroy any data that was based on copyrighted material scraped from the Times.

Last week, eight newspapers owned by Alden Global Capital—the New York Daily News, the Chicago Tribune, the Orlando Sentinel, the South Florida Sun Sentinel, the San Jose Mercury News, the Denver Post, the Orange County Register, and the St. Paul Pioneer Press—filed a similar lawsuit, claiming copyright infringement against OpenAI and Microsoft, in the same New York court district where the Times made its complaint. The Alden papers did not follow entirely in the Times’ footsteps: a source told Axios that the Alden papers chose to sue OpenAI without first trying to negotiate a licensing deal with the company, a route that the Times pursued prior to taking legal action. But they did join a growing club: since the Times filed suit against OpenAI, Raw Story, Alternet, and The Intercept have done likewise, citing similar grounds. Those sites are reportedly seeking damages of at least two thousand five hundred dollars per violation.

The Alden complaint accuses OpenAI and Microsoft of using millions of its papers’ articles to train AI products, including ChatGPT and Microsoft’s Copilot, without permission. Much like the Times‘ lawsuit, Alden’s claim doesn’t specify a desired amount of monetary damages, but says that the publishers are entitled to compensation for the illegal use of their content. The Alden suit also echoes the Times’ in claiming that ChatGPT and Copilot have regularly reproduced the entire text of articles from Alden papers in response to users’ prompts—and that, in most cases, those engines did not link back to the original source, depriving the publishers of revenue.

The Alden suit ultimately accuses Microsoft and OpenAI of taking “the work product of reporters, journalists, editorial writers, editors and others who contribute to the work of local newspapers—all without any regard for the efforts, much less the legal rights, of those who create and publish the news.” The suit goes on to say that content scraping by AI companies is not just a business problem for the newspaper industry but also a “critical issue for civic life in America,” since local news is the “bedrock of democracy” and its future is at risk, including from OpenAI and Microsoft.

OpenAI did introduce a feature last year that allows publishers to opt out of having their content indexed by the company’s AI engine. And, while the company hasn’t yet filed a response to Alden’s suit, in March it responded to the Times’ claim by saying that it believes its scraping of content to be covered by the fair use exemption in copyright law—a view that some copyright experts share, as I have written before—and also that the Times engaged in subterfuge in order to get ChatGPT to reproduce entire articles verbatim. OpenAI maintained that most people would not use the tool in this way—and that, even if they wanted to, the system is designed to prevent such behavior. OpenAI alleged that the Times paid someone to hack OpenAI’s products, and that it likely took thousands of attempts to get ChatGPT to generate the results included in the suit. (Ian Crosby, the lead counsel for the Times, responded that what OpenAI calls hacking was “simply using OpenAI’s products to look for evidence that they stole and reproduced the Times’s copyrighted works.”)

While the Times and Alden have gone to court, other news organizations fighting the same war have adopted a very different strategy: they have chosen to strike licensing deals with OpenAI and other companies, agreeing to provide them with access to their content for training and other purposes in exchange for cash and other perks. Last July, the Associated Press became one of the first outlets to sign an agreement with OpenAI. In return for giving OpenAI access to its archive of news stories, the AP said, it would gain the ability to “leverage OpenAI’s technology and product expertise.” (The financial terms of the agreement were not disclosed; I wrote about the deal at the time.) Kristin Heitmann, the AP’s chief revenue officer, said that the service was pleased that OpenAI had recognized that “fact-based, nonpartisan news content is essential to this evolving technology,” and also that it respected the value of the AP’s intellectual property.

In December, just before the Times filed its lawsuit, OpenAI announced another licensing deal, this time with Axel Springer, the German media giant that owns Politico and Business Insider as well as major European publications including Bild and Die Welt. In return for the right to train its AI engine on Axel Springer content, OpenAI agreed to give users of ChatGPT summaries of news stories from Axel Springer’s various brands, along with attribution and links to the original source—addressing a particular bone of contention for media companies. OpenAI described the licensing deal as being part of a commitment to help publishers and creators develop new revenue models. A source told the Timesthat the deal is worth more than ten million dollars per year.

The drumbeat of deals has continued this year. In March, OpenAI announced agreements with Le Monde, the French newspaper company, and Prisa Media, a Spanish publishing conglomerate. A week ago, the Financial Times agreed to allow OpenAI to crawl and index its content to train ChatGPT and other AI products; as with the Axel Springer deal, OpenAI agreed to provide summaries of FT stories to ChatGPT users and to link back to the original source. The latest publisher to sign a deal with OpenAI is Dotdash Meredith, the media company that owns magazines including People, Better Homes & Gardens, and InStyle, as well as websites that deliver news on health, investing, and other subjects. Axios reported on Tuesday that the deal will allow Dotdash Meredith to use OpenAI tools to help improve its own AI-powered ad-targeting engine, D/Cipher. Per Axios, IAC—Dotdash Meredith’s parent company—at one point tried to create a coalition of publishers to bargain for AI licensing deals, only for the effort to collapse “due to conflicting business incentives within the industry.”

Nor is OpenAI the only technology company that is signing AI-related deals. A week ago, The Information reported that Google had struck an agreement with News Corp, the Murdoch-owned publisher of the Wall Street Journal, the New York Post, and a number of British and Australian newspapers. Google reportedly agreed to pay News Corp between five and six million dollars per year, in return for which the news company would “develop new AI-related content and products.” A News Corp spokesperson told Reuters that “we absolutely do not have an AI content licensing deal with Google,” but allowed that News Corp does have “a number of partnerships with Google across our businesses.” (An earlier deal under which Google paid for access to News Corp content recently expired, but Robert Thomson, News Corp.’s CEO, said on the company’s recent earnings call that it had been renewed.)

Whether a newspaper decides to sue or license their content seems to depend in part on their business model. As Axios points out, reaching a deal made sense for the AP because it makes money by licensing content; other publishers, however, are more reliant on revenue generated by search traffic, and as such might be loath to help an AI company produce content that gives readers no reason to click on a link (or no link to click at all). For publishers like the Times, decades’ worth of archived stories are likely a valuable bargaining chip; some observers suspect that the paper’s lawsuit is primarily intended as a means to a bigger payout than OpenAI was willing to provide when the two were still negotiating. For many other media companies, it remains an open question whether the right strategy is to cut a deal and pocket the cash, or go to court with all guns blazing. But the need to pick a side seems to be growing.

Other notable stories:

Yesterday, President Biden—who has faced criticism of late for his reticence to do formal interviews with major outlets—sat down with CNN’s Erin Burnett and made plenty of news, not least by suggesting that the US would stop providing Israel with offensive weapons should the latter country go ahead with a major invasion of the Gaza city of Rafah. (It remains somewhat unclear what Biden’s red lines are, given that Israel is already operating in Rafah.) Biden’s remarks came after the US delayed an arms shipment to Israel this week; Israeli officials expressed frustration that the delay made it into the press, but a US official noted to Politico that Israel was first to confirm the pause. Meanwhile, the Committee to Protect Journalists, which has been tracking the deaths of journalists in Gaza, warned that its efforts to do so have become “exponentially harder.”
As demonstrations in solidarity with Gaza continued across the US this week, New York Focus reports that officers tackled and arrested two photojournalists who were covering the police clearing of a protest camp at the Fashion Institute of Technology in Manhattan; one of the journalists “alleged that police kicked them multiple times while they laid on the ground.” Elsewhere, the Daily Progress, a newspaper in Charlottesville, reported that one of its reporters and other local journalists were pepper-sprayed while covering the police clearing of an encampment at the University of Virginia. And—after the president of Dartmouth belatedly acknowledged that two student journalists should not have been arrested at that school last week—prosecutors dropped the charges against them.
In international press-freedom news, a prosecutor in Venezuela is reportedly targeting investigative journalists from the independent outlet Armando Info as part of a broader probe into official corruption. Journalists at Armando decried an effort to discredit and silence them; Bloomberg has more. Elsewhere, Politico reports that investigative journalists in Ukraine are still facing threats from pro-government sources following a pair of high-profile attacks on their work earlier this year (which we covered at the time). And Voice of America reports that the conditions for press freedom are still rapidly deteriorating in Azerbaijan (a situation that we also covered, back in December).
For Vanity Fair, Amy Chozick—the former Times campaign reporter who created the new TV show The Girls on the Bus, about (fictional) campaign reporters—pushed back on critics who have taken the show to task for portraying journalists with insufficient seriousness. “I didn’t want to portray Great Journalists Speaking Truth to Power,” Chozick writes. “Why do we have to be so self-righteous onscreen? Why can’t journalists be human? Why can’t we be honest? Infallible? Flawed? Extremely stoned in our Hilton Garden Inn, but only after we’ve thoroughly fact-checked and filed a story?”
And a follow-up series to (the American version of) The Office is on the way—and will be set in the offices of a newspaper. According to a description of the show’s premise, cited by the Hollywood Reporter, “The documentary crew that immortalized Dunder Mifflin’s Scranton branch is in search of a new subject when they discover a dying historic Midwestern newspaper and the publisher trying to revive it with volunteer reporters.” The show will star Domhnall Gleeson and Sabrina Impacciatore; it begins production in July.

ICYMI: The state of global press freedom in 10 numbers

Mathew Ingram is CJR’s chief digital writer. Previously, he was a senior writer with Fortune magazine. He has written about the intersection between media and technology since the earliest days of the commercial internet. His writing has been published in the Washington Post and the Financial Times as well as by Reuters and Bloomberg.

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Deal or no deal? Media companies take divergent paths on AI.